SINGLE DRUM ROLLERS WITH SMOOTH DRUM

BOMAG ROLLERS AND THEIR DESIGNED CAPABILITY:

LIGHT ARTICULATED TANDEM ROLLER-These machines are generally designed with double drum vibration and double drum drive and normally work with one frequency. The machines range from 3 to 4.5 t with sufficient power to be used behind a paver with in put of 500 to 800m2 per hour on surface courses or300 to 400m2 per hour on base courses, depending on the asphalt mixture. They are therefore specially recommended for this type of application. A part from this there is another type of application for these small self-propelled tandem rollers, which are available in different designs and successfully used.

HEAVY TANDEM ROLLERS

Heavy tandem rollers with operating weights between 6 and 12t are used for the compaction of asphalt surface course, asphalt binder courses, asphalt base course and unbound base courses. They normally work with two amplitudes or two frequencies for an optimal compaction of different lift heights. Heavy tandem rollers are equipped with vibration automatic, a system which switches the vibration off when stopping the machine or when changing the travel direction, thereby avoiding transverse depression and unevenness in the asphalt course. Heavy tandem rollers are available with spit and non-split drums. Split drums reduce the risk of shoving and cracking when compacting in tight curves. Depending on the design one must differentiate between tandem rollers with articulated steering and pivot steering, which enable different modes of steering

COMBANATION ROLLERS:

The combination roller is a combination of pneumatic-tired roller and vibratory roller. The combination combines the advantages of the vibrating drum with the benefits of rubber tires, which have a kneading effect and seal the asphalt surface. One axle of the combination rollers consists of a smooth drum, the other axle carries smooth rubber tires. These rollers are also powered by air cooled diesel engines which drive the hydrostatic travel and vibration system. The rubber tires are driven in pairs by two hydraulic motors, ensuring adaption of the rolling speed differential when driving around curves. Single lever control, hydrostatic power steering as well as vibration automatic ensuring simple and safe operation of large combination rollers.

SINGLE DRUM ROLLERS WITH SMOOTH DRUM

Single drum rollers are self-propelled combination with a front drum and rear tires. The roller types are specially designed for soil combination, where high tractive power and grad ability required besides excellent compaction work. Front frame with drum and rear frame are connected by a central oscillating articulated joint. The rear frame carries diesel engine, drive elements and operator`s stand. The infinitely controllable travel system works hydrostatically via the rear wheel single drum rollers are normally equipped with drum drive. Depending on soil or rock material single drum rollers are used with pad foot drum

BOMAG COMPACTOR AND BASIC PRINCIPLES OF VIBRATORY COMPACTION:

BOMAG COMPACTOR AND BASIC PRINCIPLES OF VIBRATORY COMPACTION:

The BOMAG compactor has been approved as the best compactor in compaction technology for earthwork, highway and transportation engineering. It has performed well in soil, rock and asphalt compaction though compaction technology concentrates on enhancing the performance capacity of machines, on user friendly and environmentally compatible designs with extending the functional structure range of application. Electronic measuring and compaction technology as well as micro-processor controls. These machines integrated system enable an almost automatic control of compaction work and an optimisation use of equipment as well as a surface covering assurance of compaction quality. Better quality work is ensured for production with consideration of measuring and testing unit and use of the machine parameters for process control of projects .A development leap in control automation of vibratory rollers has been in fact achieved by the possibility to combine data of compaction quality and management. Further developments aim at the possibility to localise the roller position exactly via a position system suitable for practical application and to specify control and record the number of roller passes. The great present and future challenges of engineering technology prefer BOMAG to the current technology. Intended sequential volume special subjects and special application for BOMAG compaction technology are planned. This includes subjects such as the compaction of unbounded and hydraulically bonded base course and soil-binder mixes in highway and transportation engineering, the compaction of recycling materials, industrial wastes and household refuse, the compaction of cable and pipeline trenches ,backfill and embankments, as well the compaction sanitary landfill and mineral sealing. Quality assurance of work can be achieved by measuring, testing and good system recording. With the rotating eccentric masses mounted on or several drive shafts depending on system, BOMAG is designed for vibratory compaction to generate uniform, stable rotary vibrations. These vibration are transferred to the substrate through contact areas such as special pad feet, plates, roller drum either flat or liner. They act as dynamic forces in a spatially distributed manner with pressure and vibration increasing the physical-mechanical characteristics. Compaction of any ground should be taken under high consideration to avoid over compaction and poor test. The direct vibration systems from BOMAG unify the advantages of rotary and oscillatory vibrators. With the newly developed directed vibration systems rollers a long striven goal of development and important technological leap was achieved. 

ASPHALT LAYING AND INFLUENCE FACTORS:

In laboratory simulation as well as during the laying of asphalt the compaction process is influenced by a number of factors, which interact integrally in a very complicated manner and can only be examined separately in the analysis. Both the mixture components as well as the compaction temperatures belong to the factors with highest influence and leaflet on compaction of asphalt.

COMPACTION OF MIXTURE:

By experience, mixture  components and mineral aggregates in particular have the most significant influence on the compaction resistance. The mechanical properties of the mineral aggregates influence the compatibility in such a way, that ,due to their lower inherent friction and interlocking resistance, round particle mixture are easier to compact than mixtures consisting of crushed particle. Sand particle and chipping fractions thereby have the strongest effect, whereby the compaction resistance mainly rises with the increasing proportion of crushed sand or a  high content of chippings.

               With a decreasing coarse particle fraction bigger than 2mm the so-called mortar components(binder, sand, filler) gain a higher influence with mixture types composed according to the asphalt concrete principle, whereas the compaction resistance does not increase to such an extent when increasing the coarse particle content. Mixtures with a very high proportion of chippings( stone mastic asphalt and drainage asphalt) are also mainly influenced by the mortar content.

               The influence of the filler with its stabilising effect on the compatibility of the mixture is only of minor significance, but is effective in the entirety of the mortar components, whereby the compaction resistance of the mixture decreases with increasing mortar content. The  compaction resistance is highly influenced by the binder content, however, the grade of binder is only of minor significance. The sliding resistance on the binder film on the particle surfaces, which enhances the compaction of the mixture.

INFLUENCE OF THE TEMPERATURE TO ASPHALT:

The highly temperature dependent properties of the bituminous binder in turn result in a significant influence of the temperature on the compaction characteristics of the mixture. The temperature of the mixture is very sensitive influential factor, which has an effect in combination with the mixture composition and temperature dependent variable viscosity of the binder. With increasing compaction resistance the mixture specific critical compaction temperature rises to a  level, where an  effective compaction temperature must therefore not drop below a critical limiting value. The required minimum temperature is considerably higher than for easily compactible material. The critical temperature limits must be carefully evaluated by suitability tests and monitored during the laying and compaction of the asphalt by measurements

Under aspects of compaction practice the temperature shall be as permissible at beginning of compaction work, since this is of advantage for compaction effect. The top temperature limit is specified because the fact that the mixture must remain stable under the influence of the roller and that an effective particle redistribution and reduction of air voids occurs during compaction must be accomplished without any shoving or lateral displacement of mixure. Depending on the grade of binder the normal temperature when tipping the mixture into paver is 150-180c, the compaction temperature range approx..130-170c. In temperature range between 90-100c compaction must be finished, because a futher drop in temperature will result in an excessive increase of the binder viscosity, making compaction work almost effective.

ASPHALT FOR SPECIAL CONSTRUCTION METHODS:

VIBRO ASPHALT(ROLLED POURED MASTIC ASPHALT)

The mixture consists of approx.60% chipping,10% filler, equal proportion of crushed and natural sand as well as approx.6.4% binder B45. It is mixed at a temperature of approx.230c and transported with insulated special trucks. During laying with a paver the mixture is liquefied and compacted by vibration and chippings are subsequently spread over this poured mastic asphalt like surface and rolled in.

DRAINAGE ASPHALT(POROUS ASPHALT)

The mixture for drainage asphalt surface courses is combined of a high quantity of chippings with a highly resistant binder and mortar. It is then applied as a surface course on a dense substrate or an additional waterproofing layer. This type of asphalt is characterised by a higher content of air voids which enhances the drainage between the surface of  the carriageway and the vehicle tires.It also  changes the thermal conductivity and low temperature performance.

COLD LAYING IN THIN LAYERS:

Cold mixer asphalt consisting of mineral aggregates 0/3 to 0/8mm, water, polymer modified cationic bitumen emulsion and additives is mixed and placed with a laying weight of 10 to 30 kg/m cube (dry mass), using special self-propelled mixing and paving equipment. The necessary bonding between the layers requires an absolutely clean substrate.

HOT LAYING IN THIN LAYERS:

Hot placed thin layers consist of asphalt concrete, stone mastic asphalt or gussasphalt and are applied with a laying weight of 30 to 50 kg/m cube, depending on load and condition of substrate

ASPHALT VENEER COATS:

Asphalt veneer coats are placed on surface courses in order to seal these surface or enhance their grip.They are applied as so-called surface treatment or in form thin layers by cold laying. This treatment is applied as protection against moisture, mainly on low volume traffic areas(construction classes iv to vi), as well as for sidewalks and yards, but not as an independent surface course.

               For the surface treatment the substrate or the previously spread chipping are sprayed with bituminous binder agent and subsequently gritted once or twice with raw or coated chippings. Cold placed thin layers are mixtures consisting of mineral aggregates(high-grade chippings,high-grade crushed sand and reclaimed filler), polymer modified cationic bitumen emulsion, additives and water.

ASPHALT PAVEMENTS IN HIGHWAY AND TRANSPORTATION ENGINEERING:

Asphalt technology is used for pavements of high ways and urban roads, for junctions and interchanges, for bus and rail tracks, for multi-purpose traffic lanes, hard shoulders and median strips, cycle paths and footways, for traffic lanes in service areas etc.

               Pavements of traffic areas are built in form of asphalt surface courses, binder course and base courses to ensure high durability against stresses caused by traffic and weathering. The typical structure of asphalt pavement and their functional properties dipper according to design. The design and execution of highway and transportation areas is based on engineering requirements concerning load bearing capacity, stiffness against permanent deformation, frost resistance and evenness and the required profile of the pavement. Besides the pavement the highway construction also comprises the subgrade and the sub base influenced by static and dynamic traffic loads.

               This multi-layer system is stressed by load, time and temperature dependent shearing and bending forces and deformed in dependence of the stiffness of effective layers. The carriageway pavement must be designed and built for safe riding traffic under any load condition, whereby its stability shall not be at risk at any time. This design goal demands a constructive interaction of all effective layers and a low and uniform level of deformation. According to this principle the layers must have load distributing properties complying with the different possible types of loads and be able to mutually compensate overloads. These performance requirements depend on the stiffness of system, which in turn is depending on the strength and deformation characteristics of layers as well as the layer thicknesses including the thickness ratio of successive layers. This principle of the constructive interaction is met when the stiffness properties of the individual layers are adapted to each other in way that the system stiffness increases from the bottom upwards according to the course of stresses. The stiffness of the system changes because of permanent mechanical load applied by traffic in combination with local condition or seasonal climatic cycle. Particularly critical condition may arise during winter, when frost related non-uniform heaves occur or the stiffness of the sub-layers drops during thawing intervals. During summer, when warping stresses develop and the stiffness of the visco-elastoplastic deformable asphalt layers is reduced by high temperatures.

ASPHALT FOR SURFACING AND GENERAL REQUIREMENTS:

The required composition of asphalt for surface courses and binder courses depends substantially on type of traffic load and the construction class. Specifies normal aggregate sizes for asphalt binder courses and surfaces courses, as well as for various types of mixtures, depending on traffic load.

               The permissible laying thickness for the relatively thin surface courses depends mainly on the particle size of the mixer independently from the standardised thickness according to the design. The stability of asphalt surfacing (asphalt binder courses and surface courses) made of rolled asphalt can be improved by favourable adjustment of the proportions of chippings and crushed sand as well as the use of high-grade aggregates with higher proportion of crushed surfaces, whereas the durability can be enhanced by a perfect adaptation of the binder content to the air void content.

               Hard binder or low binder contents, as may be considered for high traffic loads, contribute to the potential of crakking.The stability and durability of gussasphalt depends to great extent on the interaction between binder and filler and their homogeneous distribution in chipping/sand particle skeleton. For the polishing resistance of high-grade chippings in surface courses and spreading of chippings. The deformation resistance of asphalt surface courses is substantially influenced by the temperature of the mixture and, during laying, by its cooling and reheating. During mixing and laying certain maximum and minimum temperatures must therefore be complied with dependence of binder grade and type of mixture.

NATURAL ASPHALT AND MODIFIED ASPHALT:

NATURAL ASPHALT-Natural asphalt is added to gussasphalt, stone mastic asphalt and mortar enriched asphalt concrete among others, e.g. as natural Trinidad-asphalt. These additives can enhances the stability of surface course or binder course and have a positive effect on processing and compaction.

ELASTOMERE MODIFIED ASPHALT:

The mechanical and elastic properties of rolled asphalts can be modified by adding caoutchouc or rubber. This improvement is particularly related to elasticity, adhesion strength, ageing resistance against water and weather influences as well as fatigue resistance.

POLYMER MODIFIED ASPHALT:

The use of polymer modified bitumen or the addition of polymers enhance the adhesive properties, the stability and elasticity and, when increasing the binder content, even the ageing resistance and durability against the influence of water and weather.

 

WHEEL EXCAVATOR:
It machine which is used to excavate tunnel, drainage and slope cutting.

CATERPILLAR  DOZER AS EARTHMOVING MACHINE

The caterpillar dozer is an earthmoving machine which has no comparison to any other type of machine. Caterpillar manufacturers are moving fast to comply with the latest version of the product identification numbering standard. In most cases they use pin format to all cateplllar machines and generator sets. The caterpillar dozer is made of different components  commonly operator’s compartment, radiator, bulldozer, engine compartment, hydraulic tank, batteries, fuel tank, transmission, plug for engine  block heater and battery disconnect switch. Bulldozes vary according to the sizes and engine power.

Caterpillar dozer has a monitoring system designed with a special code which shows the machine status. It alerts the operator when there is machine fault. In operating  caterpillar dozer machine you  have to be kin on gear selection for bulldozing  depends on the amount of work that is accomplished by selecting the right gear. With certain loads the machine will move faster in fast gear instead of higher gear. Bulldozer is characterised of different blade which is used in many ways. In earths for drains, fills, backfilling ditches and windrowing material in one direction and maintaining forward motion at the same time angle where by bulldozers are excellent. The blade can adjusted in different ways  extended , retracted and neutral. Neutral position provides egual blade tiit to the right and to the left is most used, extended position pitches the blade forward which improves blade penetration in materials that are difficult to penetrate and makes for faster loading and lastly retracted position pitches   blade backward. The backward pitch enhances the amount of dozer carry.

 In production operation there is straight dozing which you have to maintain a level cut for the best performance filling the bulldozer blade and carrying the load to the dump. In levelling the ground a full bulldozer blade manages better than a  partially loaded bulldozer blade. Slot dozing is trapping a larger loads in front of the bulldozer blade considering the depth of the top corner of the blade. Caterpillar dozer can work on side slope vertically but not horizontally avoiding tipping the machine. On up slope or down slope you have to reduce of the machine to an acceptable level by using service brake prior to initiating a steering correction, over speed of machine when loaded and moving down aslope may cause accident. In v-ditching the bulldozer blade can be tilt to the desired position for your required depth. Backfilling  push the material at 90 degree angle to fill the trench. Interesting with bulldozer it can be used in land clearing , stump removal , ripping in hard ground like cemented gravel, rock with fractures, faults and planes of weakness. Packed soil and clay. In most of these hard grounds you are supposed to use single shank ripper. In conclusion caterpillar can serve you better considering safety, good operation and maintenance. 

HAND BOMAG ROLLERS,TADEM ROLLERS AND ARTICULATED ROLLERS:

HAND BOMAG ROLLERS,TADEM ROLLERS AND ARTICULATED ROLLERS:

The hand roller is one of vibratory group available in single drum version or tandem rollers. These rollers are self-propelled with reversible travel direction. The steering rod is the control point however comparing with tampers and plates rollers their mobility enhances the compaction work. These rollers can be used both earthwork and asphalt compaction and most frequently for small area repair and patch work. Single drum rollers work with weights of 160 to 460kg and amplitude between 0.4 and 0.5mm. Hand guided tandem rollers have two drums of identical size with relatively small diameter. Tandem rollers are controlled by hydraulic which reduces controlling effort. On compacting the asphalt material the hydra statically driven system is applied to smoothen the layer. These tandem rollers have also two drums of identical diameter, each eguiped with a exciter shaft although the machines are powered by an air cooled engine.Travel and vibration systems are hydraulically driven.

The tandem rollers are available with hydrostatic articulated steering, heavier versions alternatively hydrostatic pivot steering. In these group there is light and heavy tandem rollers whereby they differ according to compaction capability. The heavy tandem has higher mobility and faster more manoeuvrable than light tandem rollers. These heavy tandem rollers are also known as articulated tandem rollers which are normally used for compaction of asphalt material. These rollers are eguipped  with washing sprinkler systems. These articulated machines are generally designed with double drum vibration and double drive which normally work with one freguency.According to engineers specification the machines sufficient power range from 3 to 4.5 t which is used  behind to paver with an output of 500 to 800m squre. The  heavy tandem rollers are equipped with automatic vibration, a system which swithes the vibration off when stopping the machine or change travel direction, thereby avowing tranverse depression and unevenness in asphalt course. Spit and non-split drums are very important in that they reduce the risk of shoving and cracking when compacting in tight curves. Tandem rollers are classified in two that is articulated steering and pivot steering, which enable different modes of steering. In conclusion rollers are foundation stability in road construction.

PADFOOT ROLLERS WITH AND WITHOUT VIBRATION:

Conventional single drum rollers with pad foot drum in weight range from 6 to 25t are used for the compaction of cohesive soils, stony mixed soils and solid rock of variable strength. They have proved worthwhile because of their implicational versatility and their compaction performance.

               The drums are normally fitted with 100mm trapezoidal pad foot elements (studs) with flat side faces and scrapers for cleaning. In connection with the vibration these studs produce a kneading and pushing effect, which leads to the reduction of air void volume and to a pulverisation of lumps and rock fragments. Due to the shape of the pad feet the contact surface increases with the penetration depth. The compaction effect adapts to the stiffness of the soil to be compacted via the penetration depth of the studs. The compaction effect depends substantially on the areal pressure of the ground contact area. Foot shape and covering rate of the studs on the drum shell have a tremendous effect. This effect is enforced by the increase of pad foot pressure, the increase of the clay proportion and the reduction of the water content in the soil.

               On clayey soil these pad foot rollers compact most effectively at water contents below the optimum, whereby this influence of the water content diminishes with increasing silt and sand fractions in the soil. The compaction effect increases strongly with the number of passes, but also in this case this influence is reduced by rising water content.

               The number of required passes is also influenced by the degree of coverage the pad foot elements. The more clayey and less moist the soil, the higher the compaction that can be achieved with increasing pad foot pressure. Compaction is even possible at a high water content, as long as the pad foot elements have a kneading effect and do not sink in completely. The surface structure that changes strongly with the water content. The thickness of the loose soil ripped up by the profile of the drum is reduced with dropping water content, whereby small or tapered pad feet generally have a higher loosening effect than large area pad feet. Raising the rolling speed results in a sub linear increase in the number of rolled passes.

SMOOTH DOBLE DRUM USED IN ASPHALT COMPACTION:

COMPACTION CHARACTERISTICS OF ASPHALT:

FUNDAMENTALS

After laying asphalt layers must be compacted to achieve stability and reduce air voids to minimum, in order to avoid subsequent compaction or deformation under the influence of traffic loads and climatic conditions, which could impair the suitability of traffic areas or reduce their durability. Purpose of the compaction of asphalt layers is therefore the production of the air void content in asphalt mixer that is adapted to the required binder content.

               The required compaction work depends on the properties and workability of the asphalt mixture, as well as the thickness of the asphalt layer to be compacted. The compaction effect is influenced by the laying conditions as well as by the effectiveness of compaction machine and compaction technique. The compaction characteristics differ considerably in dependence on composition and the temperature dependent characteristic of increasing the density of asphalt under the influence of defined compaction work. In dependence on the deformation resistance a differentiation between easy and difficult to compact mixtures can generally be made.

               Easily compactible mixtures show a high increase in density right at the beginning of the compaction process, followed by an early end of this increase. Relatively low density increase rates from the beginning right to the end of the compaction process are characteristic for difficult to compact mixtures, whereby a considerably higher number or more powerful compaction passes and a longer work process is required. In both cases the increase in density decreases the course of the compaction process. Remember that the leaflet on the compaction of rolled asphalt mixtures is described by an exponential formulation, derived from bulk densities.

COMBINATION ROLLER WITH SMOOTH DRUM

Smooth drums can be used on most soil types, rock fill to cohesive soils. The single drum roller is generally equipped with all-weather tires which ensure favourable traction and grad ability under most soil conditions. The operating weights retch from 2 to 25t.The heavy single drum rollers are normally available with 2 amplitudes and 2 sequences for thick and thin layers in order to withstand extreme loads during compaction of rock fill whereby the drum must be of high strength and durability. Long striven goal of research and development and a remarkable leap in technology was achieved specially with the newly developed vibrator exciters. These innovative self –controlling systems detect the energy requirement and regulate the system automatically.

SINGLE DRUM ROLLER WITH ONE VIBRATING DRUM

The attachment of hydraulically driven vibratory plates to the single drum vibratory roller extents the range of application and rationalises compaction work. The depth effect of the single drum roller is whereby combined with the favourable surface effect of the plate, thereby achieving a higher compaction output with less passes. With this combination the single drum roller compacts with the front drum and the vibratory plates are driven by an additional hydraulic pump on the single drum roller and work with an adjustable frequency of 32 to 50Hz and a centrifugal force of max.50Kn.

SINGLE DRUM VIBRATORY ROLLER WITH HYDROSTATICALLY DRIVEN VIBRATORY PLATES ATTACHED

Another possible application is the efficient soil compaction in highway and transportation engineering, urban foundation and civil engineering projects or such projects under confined spatial conditions. This work requires compact and extremely manoeuvrable single drum rollers in the 7t-class, which can be optimally adapted to the permanently reducing the vibration stress for nearby buildings at the same time. The use of the VARIOCONTROL system is therefore also recommended for these compact single drum rollers.

SINGLE DRUM ROLLERS WITH PADFOOT DRUM

Pad foot drums are designed for the compaction of cohesive soils and mixed particle soils with relatively high water content. The imprints of the pad-feet contribute to a reduction of water content. They are also used for compaction of rock fill, in order to reduce the air void content and to crush large particles. As an adaptation to very moist, slippery soil condition single drum rollers with pad foot drum are equipped with extremely profiled tires similar to tractors, as a measure to enhance the traction power. These single drum rollers need a highly durable drive system. From the present point of view separate drives of drum and wheels should be standard.BOMAG pad foot rollers are equipped with special teeth with their shape and in combination with vibration they should achieve a kneading and impact or crushing effect together with a favourable depth effect. The roller is also combined with pyramid teeth (high studs, small contact areas, extremely steep flanks)for kneading and cohesive soils, triangular teeth for crushing of hard rock by means of high tip pressure and splitting forces, triangular teeth with cutters in between for splitting and crushing of brittle rock, whereby the cutters in between also prevent jamming of particles between the teeth.

  

CAT MOTAR GRADER AT WORK:

CATERPILLAR WHEELOADER –EARTHMOVING MACHINE

CATERPILLAR WHEELOADER –EARTHMOVING MACHINE

The caterpillar wheel Loader is a model machine with basic specification considering the series of wheel loader. Caterpillar wheel loader consists of pallet fork, bucket which is accompanied by teeth and segments for digging hard grounds and levelling. Bucket can load and offload the material depending on the ground considering 45 degree dumping angle. Wheel loader is also best when mixing material to backfill, spoiling and landscaping. The loader also has a steering frame lock located at articulation joint on the left side of the machine. It could be called a caterpillar loader having steering control, horn , engine start switch ,window wiper and washer group(front) lighter window wiper and washer group(rear) ,variable shift control, tilt control, joystick control and lift control ,quick coupler control, fourth function control ,auto shift control ,operator mode selector switch, light switches, transmission control, traction control, secondary steering test, bucket /fork selector control, kick out and positioner control, hazard flashers, steering column tilt control, heating and air conditioning control ,service brakes governor control, ashtray ,transmission neutralizer and ride control .with his lift control, auxiliary control and multipurpose bucket control  has made caterpillar to improve market for their product.

MOTOR GRADERS 12K,140K AND 160K-EARTHMOVING MACHINE:

Caterpillar motor grader is one of the quality machine used in road construction. The machine is used in many ways such as processing earthwork material, cutting levels, slopes and drain works. One of interesting thing is that the machine has forty four operator control which makes it motor grader.Some of these parts are egine start switch, heating and air conditioning ,blade cusion,cigar lighter,autoshift control,power port,interior dome ligt switch,direction turn signal and hazard flasher control,low beam for the work light,panel lights,head lights,headlight dimmer switch e.t.c.In cutting slope you have to consider speed of machine,condition of terrain,fluid levels and tire pressures,direction of travel,mounted equipment,nature of surface ,slippage due to excessive loads which may cause downhill track or downhill tires to dig  into the grounds. Caterpillar motor grader has a mouldboard blade which can adjust in direction and back a ripper which is used for scarifying hard ground. While working with the machine you have to consider may facts height of the working load of the machine for stability of machine, be aware of performance features of the equipment in operation and effects of machine, implements attached to the drawbar which may decrease the weight on the uphill tracks, weight on uphill tires may cause machine to less stable. In conclusion caterpillar motor grader recommended for good production in engineering.

CAT MOTOR GRADER